Lacking Natural Simplicity

Last edited: 2022-12-06 14:33:55 EST

There are a lot of things to like about the Ada programming language; it seems to have a solid core of users, enough to support multiple commercial implementations and a free/libre software implementation that is part of the GNU Compiler Collection. I occasionally use it myself.

However: I'm sure that the current version of Ada Mode for Emacs (available as an ELPA package, and thus not included in Emacs itself), which provides smart editing for the Ada programming language, and uses an external parser for the indentation, fontification[1], and navigation engine, is wonderful if you can get it working, but I have never been able to get it to work. My most recent try was today on Fedora 36 using GNAT 12.1.1 20220507 (Red Hat 12.1.1-1).

Here's what happened when I tried to build the Ada code for the parser, which is supplied as part of the ada-mode:

$ ./build.sh
ada_mode_wisi_parse.gpr:44:26: warning: object directory "obj" not found
Setup
   [mkdir]        object directory for project Ada_Mode_Wisi_Parse
Compile
   [Ada]          ada_mode_wisi_lalr_parse.ads
   [Ada]          ada_mode_wisi_lr1_parse.ads
   [Ada]          run_ada_lalr_parse.ads
   [Ada]          run_ada_lr1_parse.ads
   [Ada]          gpr_mode_wisi_parse.ads
   [Ada]          run_gpr_parse.ads
   [Ada]          gpr_query.adb
   [C]            wisitoken_grammar_re2c.c
   [C]            ada_re2c.c
   [C]            gpr_re2c.c
   [Ada]          ada_process_actions.adb
   [Ada]          ada_process_lr1_main.adb
   [Ada]          gen_run_wisi_lr_text_rep_parse.adb
   [Ada]          run_wisi_common_parse.adb
   [Ada]          wisi.adb
gnatcoll-sql.adb:742:07: error: ambiguous expression (cannot resolve "Append")
gnatcoll-sql.adb:742:07: error: possible interpretation at a-coinve.ads:280, instance at gnatcoll-sql.ads:1109
gnatcoll-sql.adb:742:07: error: possible interpretation at a-coinve.ads:270, instance at gnatcoll-sql.ads:1109

   compilation of gpr_query.adb failed

gprbuild: *** compilation phase failed

Sigh. Without the external parser the current Ada Mode is completely unworkable: it doesn't even do indentation correctly, much less do fontification.

However, when I did some Ada work a number of years ago, I was ok with the version that used to be in Emacs itself. So I dug it out of the Emacs git repository at savannah.gnu.org. Basically, I cloned the git repository and then figured out what commit it was deleted in by doing:

$ git rev-list HEAD -n 1 -- lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el
a13c64204c8ead966789abf8efe176e4f2d4f599

Then I checked out the files involved:

$ git checkout a13c64204c8ead966789abf8efe176e4f2d4f599^ lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el lisp/progmodes/ada-stmt.el lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el doc/misc/ada-mode.texi

The ^ at the end of the commit hash says to get the previous commit.

You'll also need doc/docstyle.texi and doc/doclicense.texi if you want to build documentation from ada-mode.texi.

And I've put the files in a zip file for anybody who is in the same situation as I was, along with the generated documentation files .info, .html, and .pdf.

Just put them somewhere on your load-path and add (autoload 'ada-mode "ada-mode") to your emacs config file.

I'm sure the current Ada Mode has a lot more useful features, and I'd love to use it, but this at least lets me edit with automatic indentation, formatting, and fontification.

I've just finished The School of Niklaus Wirth: The Art of Simplicity, by Laszlo Boszormenyi (Editor), Jurg Gutknecht (Editor), and Gustav Pomberger (Editor).

This was an excellent retrospective of Niklaus Wirth's work, covering the many important (and sometimes neglected) innovations he and his coworkers created. Although it was published in 2000 it is still a very interesting and inspiring read.

Niklaus Wirth is perhaps best known for Pascal. I learned Pascal early on in my computing career, and found it much more to my taste than BASIC, the language I had the most experience with previously. I programmed in Apple Pascal (based on UCSD Pascal) on the Apple II+, and used Pascal on the original Macintosh. Much of my instruction at college used Oregon Software's Pascal 2 system for VAX/VMS. I also had an opportunity to use Pascal at work, using Turbo Pascal on MS-DOS. While I found the expressiveness and power of C very attractive, I still found the simpler syntax and safer type system of Pascal very worthwhile, and missed it when writing C.

However, I found Wirth's later programming language, Oberon (see the original and revised language reports, and at archive.org: OO, OR), and the operating system it was developed for, also called Oberon, to be even more interesting. While I never used the Ceres computer on which Oberon originally ran, I did used the later versions of the Oberon system that ran hosted on Linux. I was particularly inspired by the further development of Oberon-2, designed by Wirth and Hanspeter Mössenböck (see the language report, O2A, O2B), and used in a wonderful book, Object-Oriented Programming in Oberon-2, also by Mössenböck (OOP1, OOP2, and at archive.org: OOP1A, OOP2A).

Unfortunately most of my work at that time involved Unix heavily, and it was difficult to write Oberon programs that interacted directly with Unix, because Oberon's APIs were quite different than those of Unix and C. (I've since found some Oberon compilers that work a little better on Unix machines, but most Oberon software continues to be specific to the Oberon system.

Alas, Oberon was indeed the overlooked jewel.

I wish more people had taken more lessons from Niklaus Wirth when designing the programming languages and operating systems that turned out to dominate the computer systems of today.

Do you like D&D 5E, but would like to have it with with point-based character generation, effects-based rules, and an Anime flavour? Well Anime 5E: Fifth Edition Fantasy Role-Playing Adventures is what you want.

My physical copies of Anime 5E: Fifth Edition Fantasy Role-Playing Adventures (home page, Kickstarter, and DriveThruRPG page) from Dyskami Publishing Company and Mark C. MacKinnon came today, and I have only had a chance to briefly skim the pocket edition, but I'm pleased at what they managed to fit into the small package of 384 pages and a physical size of approximately 12.5cm wide × 18.9cm tall × 2.25cm thick (4 15/16in wide × 7 13/32in tall × 27/32in thick) and still have the text be large enough to read.

Here's a picture of the Pocket Edition, with another picture with my hand covering the book for size comparison:

While I agree that adding the flexibility of Dynamic Powers attribute as magic (p. 154) is very interesting I would like to have seen a little guidance for using the rest of the attributes as spells using the Deplete limiter (p. 237) and the optional Energy rules (p. 280); I've seen the similar rules in BESM (BESM1, BESM2) used very well.

I'll have to wait until I get a chance to peruse the hardback version to comment on the art.

Later: I just have to add: OMG! Battle Cabbits! (On p. 367.) So cute! Now, if they only turned into spaceships as well...

I also liked the Items chapter, especially the “Ring of Power”.

Last edited: 2022-06-15 02:36:59 EDT

Last edited: 2024-05-29 15:13:15 EDT

Are you familiar with lisp-style trampolines? A trampoline is a loop that iteratively invokes functions that return functions. The previous link will lead you through CONS Should Not CONS Its Arguments, Part II: Cheney on the M.T.A. (PDF version; see p. 17 in the original publication, but that is the first page of the PDF that link eventually leads to), which, while saying you should just go ahead and convert to Continuation-passing style form (CPS), mentions in passing No assembly required: compiling standard ML to C, (see p. 168 in the original publication, which is the page 8 of the PDF that link eventually leads to) which leads you to RABBIT: A Compiler for SCHEME, where the concept is discussed under the name the "SCHEME UUO handler" (see p. 23–24).

Why is this useful? It allows you to compile a language that requires proper tail call optimization to one that does not provide that. For instance, if you wanted to compile Scheme, which requires proper tail call optimization, to Common Lisp, which does not require proper tail call optimization, you can't just translate Scheme functions directly into Common Lisp functions, because tail calls allocate stack space, and eventually the stack will run out of space.

Here's an example that will run forever in any standard confirming Scheme, forever.scm:

;;; Recurse forever, because with tail call optimization, the stack
;;; never runs out!
(define i 0)

(define (f)
  (set! i (+ 1 i))
  (display "call #") (display i) (newline)
  (f))

(f)

Here's not_forever.lisp, the same thing in Common Lisp:

;;; Recurse until the stack space runs out.
(defparameter i 0)

(defun f ()
  (incf i)
  (format t "call #~d~%" i)
  (f))

(f)

Now, some Common Lisp implementations don't do tail call optimization, and some do. Some don't do tail call optimization unless you compile the functions in question.

So, for instance, if I load that file into GNU CLISP 2.49.92, the function executes about 4668 times and then CLISP dies with the error message:

*** - Lisp stack overflow. RESET

However if I compile that file in CLISP with the Common Lisp function compile-file and then load the resulting .fas file into CLISP, it will run forever, because CLISP does tail call optimization when it compiles code.

Furthermore, if I load that file into SBCL it will run forever, because SBCL does tail call optimization by default.

ECL is another Common Lisp system where if you load that file into an interactive session it will die with stack overflow, but if you compile that file into an executable it will run forever.

So, suppose you wanted to translate the Scheme code into Common Lisp, for an implementation that does not do tail call optimization. You'd use a trampoline to make sure the stack doesn't overflow.

Here's trampoline.lisp, a trampoline in Common Lisp that runs through three functions and then stops, for simplicity:

;;; Demonstrate lisp-style trampolines.
(defun baz ()
  (format t "baz~%")
  nil)

(defun bar ()
  (format t "bar~%")
  #'baz)

(defun foo ()
  (format t "foo~%")
  #'bar)

(let ((f #'foo))
  (loop for i from 1 while (not (null f))
        do (setf f (funcall f))))

Here's trampoline_forever.lisp, a trampoline in Common Lisp that runs forever:

;;; Recurse forever without running out of stack space.
(defun baz ()
  (format t "baz~%")
  #'foo)

(defun bar ()
  (format t "bar~%")
  #'baz)

(defun foo ()
  (format t "foo~%")
  #'bar)

(let ((f #'foo))
  (loop for i from 1 while (not (null f))
        do (progn
             (format t "trampoline call #~s~%" i)
             (setf f (funcall f)))))

Of course, you can do the same things in C. First, here's not_forever.c, a program in C that will (usually) die with a stack overflow:

/* Recurse until stack space runs out.
   Unless the compiler does tail-call optimization. */
#include <stdio.h>

static int i;                 /* Number of times f has been called. */

void f (void)
{
  i++;
  printf ("call #%d\n", i);
  f ();
}

int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
  i = 0;
  f ();
}

I say usually, because tail call optimization is not required by the standard, and many C compilers do not do it. For instance, gcc doesn't do tail call optimization unless you specify -foptimize-sibling-calls or -O2, -O3, or -Os. If I don't specify any of those options, on my system that program dies with the error Segmentation fault: 11 after call #523932.

Here's trampoline.c, the limited trampoline in C:

/* Demonstrate lisp-style trampolines. */
#include <stdio.h>

typedef void* (*trampoline)(void);

void *
baz (void)
{
  printf ("baz\n");
  return NULL;
}

void *
bar (void)
{
  printf ("bar\n");
  return baz;
}

void *
foo (void)
{
  printf ("foo\n");
  return bar;
}


int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
  trampoline t = foo;
  while (t)
    t = t ();
  return 0;
}

Notice this works by converting pointers to functions to pointers to void — it doesn't even require any explicit casting!

And here's trampoline_forever.c, the trampoline that runs forever:

/* Recurse forever without running out of stack spacc. */
#include <stdio.h>

typedef void* (*trampoline)(void);

void *foo (void);               /* Forward declaration. */

void *
baz (void)
{
  printf ("baz\n");
  return foo;
}

void *
bar (void)
{
  printf ("bar\n");
  return baz;
}

void *
foo (void)
{
  printf ("foo\n");
  return bar;
}


int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
  trampoline t = foo;
  while (t)
    t = t ();
  return 0;
}

So, here's where C's weak typing lets it get away with things that more strongly typed languages don't. Notice the declaration of the trampoline type:

type def void* (*trampoline)(void);

Notice how it returns a void *, instead of something more specific? That's because if it tried to return something more specific, it would have to have a recursive type: that is to say, while defining the type trampoline, you would use a reference to the type while defining the type. It would look something like this:

typedef trampoline* (*trampoline)(void);

and that results in gcc issuing the following error:

error: unknown type name 'trampoline'

Very few traditional programming languages allow this. It isn't a problem in Scheme or Common Lisp because those languages use strong dynamic typing, where the types are checked at runtime.

So how do you do this in languages with strong static typing, where the types are checked at compile time?

Well, let's try this in some of the Oberon programming language dialects. Oberon was designed and implemented by Niklaus Wirth (NW1, NW2) as a simplification and generalization of his earlier languages Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2. (Here's The Programming Language Oberon (1990), the original Oberon language report, in PDF for reference.) I find the original Oberon admirable for its simplicity, strong typing, understandable syntax, and its introduction of Type Extensions (which organizes record types in a inheritance hierarchy, which with the use of procedure variables enables object oriented programming in a particularly straightforward and flexible way) but struggle with its minimalism and how its standard libraries differ in paradigm from the standard Unix libraries, since Oberon was used to implement a new operating system, the Oberon System with its own completely unique API.

Oberon has a number of dialects. I'm most fond of Oberon-2, which was the second language in the Oberon family, developed by Hanspeter Mössenböck and Niklaus Wirth. It is a little less minimalist than Oberon, and among a few other things adds type-bound procedures to the record hierarchy provided by Type Extensions, providing a appealingly simple and direct design for object-oriented programming that was later adopted by the Ada programming language in a more complicated and subtle version, as might be expected by Ada's plethora of design goals and constraints. (Here's a couple of papers that mention it: Object-oriented programming through type extension in Ada 9X (ADAOO1PDF) and Integrating Object-Oriented Programming and Protected Objects in Ada 95 (ADAOO2PDF). I wish I knew of a reference that discussed explicitly the process of choosing Type Extensions for Ada and how they were adopted and adapted in Ada.)

Here's a copy of the Oberon-2 language report in PDF (O2PDF) and HTML (O2HTML), for reference.

Anyway, Oberon-2 has procedure types and procedure variables, so one would think it would be simple to implement trampolines in Oberon-2, without messing about with pointers. It turns out to be more complicated than one would think.

I'm using Vishap Oberon, a free and open source Oberon-2 compiler, by the way.

First, here's NotForever.Mod, the standard program with a recursive function procedure that will overflow the stack.

MODULE NotForever;              (* Recurse until stack space runs out. *)
  IMPORT Out;
  VAR i: LONGINT;               (* Number of times f has been called. *)

  PROCEDURE f;
  BEGIN
    INC(i);
    Out.String ("call #"); Out.Int (i, 0); Out.Ln;
    f;
  END f;

BEGIN
  i := 0;
  f;
END NotForever.

On my system, this program dies with with the error Segmentation fault: 11 after call #524008.

Now on to trampolines. In theory we should be able to declare a type that is a function procedure that returns other function procedures. Here's the first attempt at the limited trampoline, TrampolineBroken.Mod.

MODULE TrampolineBroken;              (* Fail to demonstrate lisp-style trampolines. *)
  IMPORT Out;

  TYPE Thunk = PROCEDURE (): Thunk; (* This is an error. *)

  VAR next: Thunk;

  PROCEDURE baz (): Thunk;
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("baz"); Out.Ln;
    next := NIL;
  END baz;

  PROCEDURE bar (): Thunk;
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("bar"); Out.Ln;
    next := baz;
  END bar;

  PROCEDURE foo (): Thunk;
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("foo"); Out.Ln;
    next := bar;
  END foo;

BEGIN
  next := foo;
  WHILE next # NIL DO
    next := next ();
  END;
END TrampolineBroken.

Unfortunately, trying to compile this dies with the following error message:

TrampolineBroken.Mod  Compiling TrampolineBroken.

   4:   TYPE Thunk = PROCEDURE (): Thunk;
                             ^
    pos   126  err 244  cyclic type definition not allowed

Module compilation failed.

As mentioned above, this is a case of a recursive type. Well, drat.

At this point the immediate reaction is to look at the C version and try to hack up something analogous using functionality from Oberon-2's SYSTEM module, but that way lies difficulty, type errors, and madness. Instead, you have to step back and think about things from another viewpoint. The problem is that we can't declare a type for a function procedure that returns another function procedure of its type, because that is recursive. Instead of trying for a recursive type, what if we switched to storing the next procedure to be run in a global variable, next, and having each procedure in the chain set that to the procedure that should run next? That should work!

Here's Trampoline.Mod, a version that works!

MODULE Trampoline;              (* Demonstrate lisp-style trampolines. *)
  IMPORT Out;

  TYPE Thunk = PROCEDURE ();

  VAR next: Thunk;              (* Next procedure to be called. *)

  PROCEDURE baz ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("baz"); Out.Ln;
    next := NIL;
  END baz;

  PROCEDURE bar ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("bar"); Out.Ln;
    next := baz;
  END bar;

  PROCEDURE foo ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("foo"); Out.Ln;
    next := bar;
  END foo;

BEGIN
  next := foo;
  WHILE next # NIL DO
    next ();
  END;
END Trampoline.

And here's TrampolineForever.Mod, which also works!

MODULE TrampolineForever;
  (* Recurse forever without running out of stack space.  *)
  IMPORT Out;

  TYPE Thunk = PROCEDURE ();

  VAR
    next: Thunk;         (* Next procedure to be called. *)
    i: INTEGER;          (* Number of times through the trampoline. *)

  PROCEDURE ^foo;        (* Forward declaration. *)

  PROCEDURE baz ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("baz"); Out.Ln;
    next := foo;
  END baz;

  PROCEDURE bar ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("bar"); Out.Ln;
    next := baz;
  END bar;

  PROCEDURE foo ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("foo"); Out.Ln;
    next := bar;
  END foo;

BEGIN
  i := 0;
  next := foo;
  WHILE next # NIL DO
    INC (i);
    Out.String ("call #"); Out.Int (i, 0); Out.Ln;
    next ();
  END;
END TrampolineForever.

Wirth has continued to work on Oberon, producing an even more minimalist revision, often know as Oberon-07, or Revised Oberon. (Here's the The Programming Language Oberon-07 (Revised Oberon) in PDF, for reference.) Unfortunately, he removed forward declarations and the LONGINT type, which means we have to make some minor changes.

I'm using OBNC (OBNC1, OBNC2) for Revised Oberon.

Here's the Revised Oberon NotForever.Mod, with LONGINT replaced by INTEGER:

MODULE NotForever;           (* Recurse until stack space runs out. *)
  IMPORT Out;
  VAR i: INTEGER;            (* Number of times f has been called. *)
    (* Alas, no more LONGINT. *)

  PROCEDURE f;
  BEGIN
    INC(i);
    Out.String ("call #"); Out.Int (i, 0); Out.Ln;
    f;
  END f;

BEGIN
  i := 0;
  f;
END NotForever.

Here's the Revised Oberon Trampoline.Mod:

MODULE Trampoline;              (* Demonstrate lisp-style trampolines. *)
  IMPORT Out;

  TYPE Thunk = PROCEDURE ();

  VAR next: Thunk;              (* Next procedure to be called. *)

  PROCEDURE baz ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("baz"); Out.Ln;
    next := NIL;
  END baz;

  PROCEDURE bar ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("bar"); Out.Ln;
    next := baz;
  END bar;

  PROCEDURE foo ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("foo"); Out.Ln;
    next := bar;
  END foo;

BEGIN
  next := foo;
  WHILE next # NIL DO
    next ();
  END;
END Trampoline.

Here's the Revised Oberon TrampolineForever.Mod, with a workaround for the removal of forward declarations of procedures:

MODULE TrampolineForever;
  (* Recurse forever without running out of stack space.  *)
  IMPORT Out;

  TYPE Thunk = PROCEDURE ();

  VAR
    forward: Thunk;      (* Forward declaration. *)
    next: Thunk;         (* Next procedure to be called. *)
    i: INTEGER;          (* Number of times through the trampoline. *)

  PROCEDURE baz ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("baz"); Out.Ln;
    next := forward;
  END baz;

  PROCEDURE bar ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("bar"); Out.Ln;
    next := baz;
  END bar;

  PROCEDURE foo ();
  BEGIN
    Out.String ("foo"); Out.Ln;
    next := bar;
  END foo;

BEGIN
  forward := foo;
  i := 0;
  next := foo;
  WHILE next # NIL DO
    INC (i);
    Out.String ("call #"); Out.Int (i, 0); Out.Ln;
    next ();
  END;
END TrampolineForever.

Note that with forward declarations removed, we just declare a procedure variable, forward, initialize it before starting the trampoline, and refer to it instead of foo in procedure baz.

And of course, since we mentioned Ada above, we should do a version in that. I'm using GNAT.

Here's not_forever.adb:

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure not_forever is        -- recurse until stack space runs out.
  type Unsigned is mod 2**64;   -- wrap to 0 when maximum value is execeeded.
  i: Unsigned := 0;             -- Number of times f has been called.

  procedure f is
  begin
    i := i + 1;
    f;
  end f;

begin
  f;
exception
  when STORAGE_ERROR =>
  Put ("STORAGE_ERROR raised with i = "); Put (i'Image); New_Line;
end not_forever;

Since Ada has exceptions, we actually catch the exception that happens when the stack runs out of space:

STORAGE_ERROR raised with i =  262002

Again, Ada would have the same problem with recursive types as the Oberon dialects. Don't look at the C version and wander off into forest of Ada.Unchecked_Conversion because that's unsafe, or the thicket of System.Address_To_Access_Conversions, because that one's also unsafe and more complicated (and the simple approach didn't work, when I tried it). Instead, do the same thing as we did in the Oberon dialects, and move to a global variable instead of returning the values from the functions.

Here's trampoline.adb:

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure trampoline is         -- Demonstrate lisp-style trampolines.
    type Thunk is access procedure;

    Next: Thunk := null;        -- Next procedure to be called.

    procedure baz is
    begin
        Put_Line ("baz");
        Next := null;
    end baz;

    procedure bar is
    begin
        Put_Line ("bar");
        Next := baz'Access;
    end bar;

    procedure foo is
    begin
        Put_Line ("foo");
        Next := bar'Access;
    end foo;

begin
    next := foo'Access;
    while Next /= null loop
        Next.all;
    end loop;
end trampoline;

And here's trampoline_forever.adb:

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure trampoline_forever is
  -- Recurse forever without running out of stack space.
  type Unsigned is mod 2**64;   -- wrap to 0 when maximum value is execeeded.
  i: Unsigned := 0;             -- Number of times through the trampoline.

  type Thunk is access procedure;

  Next: Thunk := null;          -- Next procedure to be called.

  procedure foo;        -- forward declaration.

  procedure baz is
  begin
    Put_Line ("baz");
    Next := foo'access;
  end baz;

  procedure bar is
  begin
    Put_Line ("bar");
    Next := baz'Access;
  end bar;

  procedure foo is
  begin
    Put_Line ("foo");
    Next := bar'Access;
  end foo;

begin
  next := foo'Access;
  while Next /= null loop
    i := i + 1;
    Put ("call #"); Put (i'Image); New_Line;
    Next.all;
  end loop;
exception
  when STORAGE_ERROR =>
  Put ("STORAGE_ERROR raised with i = "); Put (i'Image); New_Line;
end trampoline_forever;

Of course, languages with more sophisticated type systems have other ways of dealing with things, but I haven't investigated them. I did stumble across an example in OCaml (OCAML1, OCAML2).

If you want to play around with this, the code is in a repository at Github.

I recently ran across a document that explains how to install the A2 operating system (formerly Bluebottle, formerly Aos) in the form of UnixAos hosted on macOS, in the process of explaining how to make a installer for macOS. I think the same process will work for any supported Unix. [Later: indeed, I used the LinuxA2-64bit.tgz file and the same process worked fine on my Fedora box.]

I'll summarize what I did.

I went to http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ and selected the most recent revision, rev.9799 at the time of this writing. There I downloaded the install script, install.UnixA2 and the version for 64 bit macOS, DarwinA2-64bit.tgz. (There were also Linux and Solaris versions for 32 and 64 bit systems.)

Then I executed chmod +x'ed the install script and ran it, passing the .tgz file to it.

First, it asks for the installation directory, which should already exist. It has a default, but I installed to the directory /usr/local/sw/versions/aos/rev.9799. Again, I had to create that directory first. (I don't like to write into /usr or /usr/local, because those directory hierarchies are often under the systems control. Nobody uses /usr/local/sw for anything except me.)

Second, it asks for the file name to copy the aos script to. I installed the aos command to /Users/tkb/local/rndbin, (/home/tkb/local/rndbin on non-macOS systems) which is in my path.

The install script assumes you are running as root, but I ran it first as my normal user, and since the directory I was installing it to was owned by me it seems to have worked ok, even though it complained about chgrp not being able to change the group of a bunch of files.

Then when I issued the command aos it started up and displayed a window with A2 running in it. (This requires X Windows, so you'll need to install XQuartz on macOS.)

Here's a screen shot from macOS:

It seems to work ok, both on macOS and Fedora, though I haven't investigated very much.

Last edited: 2022-06-12 15:39:49 EDT

Last edited: 2023-02-14 06:27:01 EST

I reread Brian W. Kernighan’s famous paper “Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language” (HTML, PDF) to see if those or similar criticisms can still be applied to the Oberon family of languages, Oberon, Oberon-2, and Revised Oberon. I found Oberon-2 to be particularly inspiring, but feel that both Oberon and Oberon-2 lack some of the practical aspects that made C such a revelation to me back in the 1980s when I first encountered it, after having programmed mostly in various BASICs, 6502 machine code, VAX MACRO, and Pascal.

So, here are Kernighan’s summary, nine criticisms, along with my comments.

1. Since the size of an array is part of its type, it is not possible to write general-purpose routines, that is, to deal with arrays of different sizes. In particular, string handling is very difficult.

   This is still a problem in the original Oberon, but Oberon-2 introduced open arrays, which allows any size of array to be passed to a procedure. While you can’t return arrays of arbitrary sizes from a procedure, you can dynamically allocate any size array using POINTER TO ARRAY and NEW, and return the pointer. Revised Oberon adopted open arrays.

2. The lack of static variables, initialization and a way to communicate non-hierarchically combine to destroy the “locality” of a program - variables require much more scope than they ought to.

   This criticism still applies. None of the Oberon languages include static variables or initialization.

   The lack of static variables is somewhat mitigated by the ability to divide things up using modules, since the tendency is to create a module for the shared variable and the procedures that depend on it, but is still clumsy if the only thing you need is a static variable in one procedure.

3. The one-pass nature of the language forces procedures and functions to be presented in an unnatural order; the enforced separation of various declarations scatters program components that logically belong together.

   Oberon and Oberon-2 allow mixing CONST, TYPE and VAR declarations in any order and to appear multiple times, but still requires procedure and forward procedure declarations to come after all other declarations. In Revised Oberon CONST, TYPE, and VAR declarations must occur and in that order, followed by procedure declarations, so the original criticism applies entirely again.

4. The lack of separate compilation impedes the development of large programs and makes the use of libraries impossible.

   Not a problem any more. All the Oberon languages use modules, introduced in Modula. Arguably, this is much superior to C’s model of separate compilation and using header files to ensure function and external variable declarations are consistent across files.

5. The order of logical expression evaluation cannot be controlled, which leads to convoluted code and extraneous variables.

   This appears to not apply to the Oberon languages.

6. The ‘case’ statement is emasculated because there is no default clause.

   Original Oberon and Oberon-2 both have ELSE clauses for CASE statements. Revised Oberon does not.

7. The standard I/O is defective. There is no sensible provision for dealing with files or program arguments as part of the standard language, and no extension mechanism.

   IO in the Oberon family of languages is mostly defined by the procedures provided in the Oberon System, the operating system written in Oberon (and later in Oberon-2). It has good facilities for dealing with files, considered by some to be a better API than the familiar Unix/C API, for the functionality it provides.

   None of the Oberon languages provide a standard method for access to program arguments in the Unix/C style, as the Oberon System used entirely different mechanisms. Those Oberon[-2] implementations I've used outside of the Oberon System all provided some access to the program arguments, usually as a procedure that returns the number of program arguments and another that returns a specific argument, but none of them used the same API.

8. The language lacks most of the tools needed for assembling large programs, most notably file inclusion.

   The addition of separately compiled modules that provide a defined interface mostly obviates this criticism and is superior to the kludge of separate complication and include files provided by C.

9. There is no escape.

   All the Oberon languages include the module SYSTEM, which provides low level access to addresses of variables and to individual bits of memory, along with bit manipulation of integers. Revised Oberon adds access to sizes of types. Oberon and Oberon-2 provide a VAL function that allows interpreting a variable of one type as a variable of another type. Revised Oberon does not.

All the Oberon languages still have semicolon as separator instead of semicolon as terminator. I much prefer semicolon as terminator.

All-in-all, I'm disappointed in Revised Oberon. While I approve of a few of its changes, most of them seem to be a definite step backward. I think Wirth's minimalism does him a disservice here.

Here's an alien creature that created to have come through a nearby Breach in the Breachworld Adventure Folio #1 - The Big Score for the Breachworld RPG from Jason Richards Publishing when I ran that for my players.

I used The Random Esoteric Creature Generator for Classic Fantasy Role-Playing Games and Their Modern Simulacra to get inspiration for the creature. It wasn't hard to mung that into something for the Breachworld RPG, which uses Mini Six as the base for its rules. It should be easy to convert to any other OpenD6 game.

As part of my work making an SRD for Mini Six I was reminded that in the Perdition sample setting the character templates for the Pilot and the Mechanic are identical, which seems odd. Here, take a look:

Here’s a version of the original Mechanic in text format:

Anyway, I thought something like this might be better for the Mechanic:

Still has some skill at Pilot and Navigation, but not as good at those as the Pilot. Better Computer and Repair skills. Probably willing to pick up a pistol and shoot it if really necessary, but also probably no better at it that default, so Pistol isn’t listed.

What do you think?

Interestingly, the Pilot and the Mechanic templates are built on 12D in attributes and 8D+2 in skills, instead of the standard 7D in skills, so I made this alternate version with the same amount. I haven’t checked the other templates. (I’ll probably do that at some point. Rather than do the counting manually, I’ll probably type them up as YAML and feed them through sm6, a program I wrote that counts the costs of all the dice and prints out a summary. I’ve got a couple other programs, sm6rst and sm6troff-ms that can read that same YAML and produce output in reStructuredText or troff (T1, G1) formats, for including in my documents.)

I've also posted this question at a few online forums: the /r/OpenD6 and /r/rpg subreddits, the RPG Pub, and rpg.net, which I'm listing here so I can be reminded of them.

Anybody interested in an SRD for Mini Six? Since Mini Six is under the Open Game License, I have created one for it, Minimal OpenD6. (It does not include the Product Identity portions, of course.)

If you just want to read the rules I still think the original Mini Six: Bare Bones Edition is a great document, packing so much into a dense but readable layout, so download it for free or get a print copy. However, if you want a custom version of the rules, whether you are producing a completely new game or just want a version of the rules with all your house rules incorporated, this should be a great starting point.

Why start with Minimal OpenD6 instead of of OpenD6? Because you want to start with a minimal core and add things gradually, rather than starting with a very large document and cutting out everything you don’t want! (Different approaches work better for different folks.)

Minimal OpenD6 provides reStructuredText source for the document, as well as simple PDF, HTML, EPUB, Microsoft Word .docx, OpenOffice/LibreOffice .odt, and Markdown output. Conversions to other formats are possible using pandoc or other means.

If you just want the output files without any of the stuff used to build them, look at the releases page in the repository for a zip file.

I used to record the books that I read on this blog, but that took too much effort. However, if I don't record the books I read, I sometimes can't remember whether I read a particular book or not, especially with Kindle Unlimited books. (Was it the seventh book of the series that I read last, or the eighth?)

I record the books that I read in emacs using org-mode and — since today — org-capture. Here's what the org file looks like:

* 2022
** Read
*** : Title of Book I Haven't Finished Reading -- https://www.amazon.com/amazon-book-link-if-it-exists
...
*** 2022-05-21: Title of Book I **Have** Finished Reading -- https://www.amazon.com/amazon-book-link-if-it-exists
...
** Did not finish
*** : Title of Book I Won't Finish Reading -- https://www.amazon.com/amazon-book-link-if-it-exists
...
* 2021
* Previously read, sometime
** Title of Book I Finished Reading at some indeterminate date in the past -- https://www.amazon.com/amazon-book-link-if-it-exists
...

I keep the org file in a git repository hosted online so I can edit it on whatever computer is close at hand, or on my cell phone. (Having a git client with a simple editor on my phone is wonderful!)

When I start reading a book I create a new entry by selecting the title and author of the book on its Amazon page, use the Chrome extension Create Link to create a plain text link, which I then insert into the org file at the right heading level and with a :␢ (a colon followed by a blank space) after the asterisks of the heading and before the link. When I'm done with reading the book I put the ISO 8601 date (YYYY-MM-DD) before the colon.

I wrote a script today to count how many books I've read so far this year:

#! /usr/bin/env bash

YEAR=$(date '+%Y')
LAST_YEAR=$((YEAR - 1))

sed -E -n "/^\* $YEAR/,/^(\*\* Did not finish|\* $LAST_YEAR)/p" $READ_FILE |
    sed -e "/^* $YEAR/d" -e "/^** Read/d" \
        -e "/^(\*\* Did not finish|\* $LAST_YEAR)/d" |
    sed -E -n "/^\*\*\*[ \t]+[0-9]/p" |
    wc -l

This gets all the lines for this year, or just up to the ones that I did not finish, if there are any yet, then gets read of the leading

This works pretty well.

And so far I've read 227 books this year.

And then I got to thinking: I could probably use org-capture to automate finding the file, finding the right place to insert the information, and then copying the link from the clipboard and inserting it along with the heading formation!

Here's the org-capture-templates value I use for this:

(setq org-capture-templates
      `(("b" "Add book about to read" entry
         (file+olp ,(expand-file-name "~/Repos/tkb-org/Books/read.org")
                   ,(format-time-string "%Y") "Read")
         "*** : %c" :prepend t)))

You'll want to read Capture templates to understand how this works.

Of course, then I thought: what if my emacs session lasts from one year into the other, and I then add a new book? It will have the wrong year!

And then I immediately thought of Advising Emacs Lisp Functions! (I feel old — it was the defadvice function when I started using it.)

So I added the following code:

  (defvar tkb-org-year (format-time-string "%Y")
    "The year the current emacs session was started, for use with org-capture.")
  (defun tkb-org-capture-advice-update-year (&optional goto keys)
    "Update ‘tkb-org-year’ and update the entry for adding a book in
‘org-capture-templates’ to use the new value."
    (let ((new-year (format-time-string "%Y")))
      (unless (string-equal tkb-org-year new-year)
        (setf tkb-org-year new-year)
        (setf (--> "b" (assoc it org-capture-templates)
                   (assoc 'file+olp it) (nth 2 it))
              tkb-org-year))))
  (advice-add 'org-capture :before #'tkb-org-capture-advice-update-year)

I tested this by manually setting tkb-org-year to "2021" and capturing a new book. It worked fine!